9/10/2015

Fermented Black Turmeric Designed by Lactobacillus Rearranged Leukocyte Subsets and Anti-Oxidative Activity

Author(s): Yousuke Watanabe, Nobuo Yamaguchi, Isao Horiuch, Tsugia Murayama
ABSTRACT
A plant fermentation was carried out by Yeast and Lactobaccilli against fermented black turmeric, Kaempferia parviflora (FBT). These materials were proved by as safe in animal safety experiment. We tried to investigate changes of immune-competent cells that commonly utilized FBT, including after administration of immno-suppressed animals, the effects by FBT on the regulated effect on the cells were evaluated. Our results showed that FBT augmented the level of lymphocytes in number, while FBT regulated the level of granulocytes in both number and function. In our clinical study with 20 healthy volunteers, granulocyte and lymphocyte ratio suggesting their constitution as neutral in peripheral blood were increased significantly 30 days after the administration of FBT in rodents, and compromised host was prepared with cancer chemotherapeutic agent (Mytomycin-C). Our observations showed against intracellular parasite, and that FBT augmented intercellular pathogen through humoral immunity. We discussed the significance and mechanism of FBT on the level of leukocyte subsets in number and function that were considered to be potential indicators for the activation of the compromised host. We also proposed an idea that FBT exhibited tonic effects via activating complement components. The evidences were shown by immune-electrophoretic method. Moreover, we tried to access further to the anti-oxidative activities of this FBT. This modification brought to the significant lift up for antibody producing cells and anti-oxidative activity for phagocytic cells.

source:

Journal: Open Journal of Immunology
DOI: 10.4236/oji.2015.53016 (PDF)
Paper Id: 59312 (metadata)
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Food Choice Behaviour of Chinese Consumers in Shenyang, Liaoning Province

Author(s):Roseline Love MacArthur, Yuehua Wang, Xuqiao Feng
ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to investigate consumers’ use of nutrition claims and to determine the food choice behaviour of Chinese consumers based on the nutrient content of packaged foods. A cross-sectional descriptive research approach was followed. Combined stratified and random sampling methods were used to select 400 adult literate consumers involved in packaged food purchases from international chain supermarkets and other popular shops in Shenyang in Liaoning Province, North-East of China. Data were collected with questionnaires and analysed with both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that none of the respondents could interpret “salt free”, only 6.0% understood “reduced sugar” and 70% were sceptical about such claims. A total of 53.8% and 64.4% of the respondents neither understood the term or knew their RDA respectively, even though familiarity with these had implication for food consumption. Respondents’ use of information on calorie (Mean = 3.003, Std. Dev. = 1.248), sugar (Mean = 3.151, Std. Dev. = 1.175) and fat (Mean = 3.175, Std. Dev. = 1.202) content affected their food choices “sometimes” while salt content “rarely” (Mean = 2.803, Std. Dev. = 1.193) did. While the highest level education showed no significance, health status was significantly and negatively correlated with low-calorie (r = ?0.094, p < 0.01) and low-salt (r = ?0.083, p < 0.05) food choices. Taste influenced the choice of biscuits/cookies, which normally had high amount of fat, sugar and/or salt. The findings suggested a low nutrition labelling awareness even though majority of the respondents were well educated. Misconception and scepticism about label claims and value placed on taste could lead to over consumption of the negative nutrients from packaged foods. Consumer education and enforcement of claims on calorie, fat, sugar and salt are emphasized.

source:

Journal: Modern Economy
DOI: 10.4236/me.2015.69088 (PDF)
Paper Id: 59313 (metadata)
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Three Urbanisms in One City: Accommodating the Paces of Change

ABSTRACT
In current times urban developments can no longer be seen as straightforward building of the required number of houses, industries and parking spaces. Instead, the problems in many cities are of different nature: urban conurbations may shrink, or climate impacts cause a serious disaster. These problems all have a different pace of development. The fast development must be combined with slower development pace fitting with shrinking cities and the sudden change climatic impacts requires. Therefore, in this article three types of urbanisms are proposed, which each care for an increase of resilience in the city. Fast urbanism accommodates the growth of the city in a calculated way in periods of economic prosperity; slow urbanism designs spaces for slowly developing uses such as ecology or food in times of shrinkage; and suddenism anticipates future climate impacts through designing spaces for temporary use.
Introduction
The way we plan our cities is generally driven by two straightforward factors. There is economic growth and accordingly urban growth or the population increases, also leading to increasing demand for urban space. These two factors are often intermingled. However, recently other phenomena have been influencing the city, such as a shrinking population or climate impacts and disasters. These aspects are difficult, or at least unusual, in the urban planning process, because they have a fundamental different pace of change than the good old housing or industrial development tasks. Therefore, in this article two new types of urbanism are introduced: slow urbanism and suddenism, which are capable of accommodating faster of slower change in the city.

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Journal: Journal of Environmental Protection
DOI: 10.4236/jep.2015.69084 (PDF)
Paper Id: 59349 (metadata)
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Strategic Trial to Find Aging Face Print

Author(s): Khalifa E. Sharquie1, Sabeeh A. Al-Mashhadani, Ali Thamer Hameed
ABSTRACT
Background: Wrinkling of face is a common feature of aging and each individual could have his own feature of disease. Objective: To categorize the wrinkles of each individual in order to find the characteristic picture of each individual aiming to find so called a print of aging. Patients and Methods: An observational study was done on 1011 cases their ages more than 30 years. 679 subjects (67.2%) were males and 332 (32.8%) were females. Their ages ranged between 30 – 86 years. Cases attended Department of Dermatology/Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq in period from April 2012 to April 2013. The distribution and the types and of wrinkling were mapped in all individuals. Regional variations including forehead, glabellae, periorbital, nasolabial, perioral and sides of the face were well studied. Results: Forehead horizontal pattern were presented in 860 (85%) subjects, forehead vertical pattern in 84 (8.3%), glabella horizontal pattern in 705 (69.7%) and glabella vertical in 698 (69%). Periorbital pattern was presented in 885 (87.5%) subjects and nasolabial angle in 540 (53.4%). Glabella vertical and horizontal patters were significantly more in males than females. Also, the males were significantly more affected by periorbital and nasolabial folds. Conclusion: Each individual or group of individual has characteristic morphological pattern of wrinkling that start early in life and becomes mature often with time and this pattern might deserve the name of a print.

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Chemotaxis of Meloidogyne incognita in Response to Different Salts

Author(s):Yonghong Qi, Li Meng, Sufang Cao, Minquan Li1, Shulong Chen, Deyou Ye
ABSTRACT
The chemotactic responses of Meloidogyne incognita were studied in salt gradients in an agarose gel. Forty-eight combinations of sodium, copper, cesium, manganese , barium, potassium, ferric or ammonium cations and chloride, nitrate, sulphate, hydrogen-phosphate, bicarbonate, acetic acid, thiocyanic acid and hydroxyl anions were tested at six concentrations from 0.0625 × 10-2 to 2 × 10-2 mol·L-1. M. incognita was repellented to salts that included Cl- and SCN-. Other salts that comprised the same anions had different chemotactic responses, among which M. incognita was repellented to ammonium salts that included Ba(NO3)2, NH4NO3, Mn(NO3)2, and hydrogen-phosphate salts that included KH2PO4, K2HPO4, and bicarbonate salts that included Na2CO3, K2CO3, (NH4)2CO3, KHCO3, and hydroxyl salts that included KOH, NaOH, and organic acid that included C2H4O2, C3H6O3 and C4H6O6. The repellent or attraction properties of different salts having the same cations were not consistent. The order of repellence was SCN- > NO3- > Cl- > OH- > CO32- >H2PO-4 > organic acid >SO42- . The chemotaxis of nematodes to KCl, Ba(NO3)2, NH4NO3, Mn(NO3)2, (NH4)2CO3, CH3COOH and C4H6O6 increased with the increasing concentration, while the concentration of other salts tested did not influence nematode chemotaxis significantly.

source:

Journal: Agricultural Sciences
DOI: 10.4236/as.2015.69086 (PDF)
Paper Id: 59482 (metadata)
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Chemotaxis of Meloidogyne incognita in Response to Different Salts| BLOG – Scientific Research Publishing

Chemotaxis of Meloidogyne incognita in Response to Different Salts| BLOG – Scientific Research Publishing



Chemotaxis of Meloidogyne incognita in Response to Different Salts

Author(s):Yonghong Qi, Li Meng, Sufang Cao, Minquan Li1, Shulong Chen, Deyou Ye
ABSTRACT
The chemotactic responses of Meloidogyne incognita were studied in salt gradients in an agarose gel. Forty-eight combinations of sodium, copper, cesium, manganese , barium, potassium, ferric or ammonium cations and chloride, nitrate, sulphate, hydrogen-phosphate, bicarbonate, acetic acid, thiocyanic acid and hydroxyl anions were tested at six concentrations from 0.0625 × 10-2 to 2 × 10-2 mol·L-1. M. incognita was repellented to salts that included Cl- and SCN-. Other salts that comprised the same anions had different chemotactic responses, among which M. incognita was repellented to ammonium salts that included Ba(NO3)2, NH4NO3, Mn(NO3)2, and hydrogen-phosphate salts that included KH2PO4, K2HPO4, and bicarbonate salts that included Na2CO3, K2CO3, (NH4)2CO3, KHCO3, and hydroxyl salts that included KOH, NaOH, and organic acid that included C2H4O2, C3H6O3 and C4H6O6. The repellent or attraction properties of different salts having the same cations were not consistent. The order of repellence was SCN- > NO3- > Cl- > OH- > CO32- >H2PO-4 > organic acid >SO42- . The chemotaxis of nematodes to KCl, Ba(NO3)2, NH4NO3, Mn(NO3)2, (NH4)2CO3, CH3COOH and C4H6O6 increased with the increasing concentration, while the concentration of other salts tested did not influence nematode chemotaxis significantly.

source:

Journal: Agricultural Sciences
DOI: 10.4236/as.2015.69086 (PDF)
Paper Id: 59482 (metadata)

8/09/2015

Application of Graph Theory in Grain and Oil Deployment

Author(s): Guangshu Xu, Zilong Song
ABSTRACT
The deployment of grain and oil is related to the daily needs of people and the stability of society. In this paper, we take the shortest path problem and the minimum cost maximum flow problem in graph theory as the theoretical basis. Through the establishment of distance matrix between the reserves station and the deployment warehouse or between reserve station and reserve station, we use the Floyd algorithm to calculate the shortest path between any two points in the matrix to determine the optimal deployment of the emergency plan. Through the establishment of mathematical model of the reserve station and deployment warehouse, we use the minimum cost maximum flow theory to solve the model and to obtain the deployment programs of grain and oil under normal circumstances. Through the combination of shortest path and minimum cost and maximum flow, we give the deployment plan under the general emergency situation and provide a new way for the deployment of the supply of grain and oil in each case.

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Journal: Journal of Service Science and Management
DOI: 10.4236/jssm.2015.84051 (PDF)
Paper Id: 58529 (metadata)
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