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Received January 7th, 2012; revised February 4th, 2012; accepted March 10th, 2012
Seven thousand five hundred fifty-six (7556) haplotypes of 46 subclades in 17 major haplogroups were considered in terms of their base (ancestral) haplotypes and timespans to their common ancestors, for the purposes of designing of time-balanced haplogroup tree. It was found that African haplogroup A (originated 132,000 ± 12,000 years before present) is very remote time-wise from all other haplogroups, which have a separate common ancestor, named β-haplogroup, and originated 64,000 ± 6000 ybp. It includes a family of Europeoid (Caucasoid) haplogroups from F through T that originated 58,000 ± 5000 ybp. A downstream common ancestor for haplogroup A and β-haplogroup, coined the α-haplogroup emerged 160,000 ± 12,000 ybp. A territorial origin of haplogroups α- and β-remains unknown; however, the most likely origin for each of them is a vast triangle stretched from Central Europe in the west through the Russian Plain to the east and to Levant to the south. Haplogroup B is descended from β-haplogroup (and not from haplogroup A, from which it is very distant, and separated by as much as 123,000 years of “lat- eral” mutational evolution) likely migrated to Africa after 46,000 ybp. The finding that the Europeoid haplogroups did not descend from “African” haplogroups A or B is supported by the fact that bearers of the Europeoid haplogroups, as well as all non-African haplogroups do not carry either SNPs M91, P97, M31, P82, M23, M114, P262, M32, M59, P289, P291, P102, M13, M171, M118 (haplogroup A and its subclades SNPs) or M60, M181, P90 (haplogroup B), as it was shown recently in “Walk through Y” FTDNA Project (the reference is incorporated therein) on several hundred people from various haplogroups.
Juvenile myopia is a serious problem in China, the prevalence of which stays at a high level and shows an upward trend.
The prevalence of myopia for Chinese school-aged students is one of the highest in the world, and is higher in the city of Beijing (46.87% for primary school students, 71.02% for junior high school students, and 84.79% for senior high school students) than the national average and has shown an upward trend.
Many studies have reported the possible environmental, behavioral and genetic risk factors for myopia, but the strength of these associations is often weak, and some prior results are often contradictory. Commonly investigated risk factors include environmental risk factors such as parental education, family income, and illumination condition, and behavioral risk factors such as reading distance, time outdoors and physical activity, hours spent watching TV or using a computer, and length of time sleeping, as well as parental myopia, a possible indicator of genetic susceptibility. Studies focusing on reducing the progression of myopia have had limited success.
In Yanhong Gong’ research review from School of Social Development and Public Policy at Beijing Normal University, published in Health Journal2014 vol.1 by Scientific Research Publishing. A cross-sectional analysis in a random sample survey was conducted in Beijing in 2008. The data collected from 15,316 Chinese school students aged 6 to 18 years, randomly selected from 19 schools were evaluated, including non-cycloplegic refraction and possible genetic, environmental and behavioral factors, to explore the key risk factors for myopia. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were per-formed to compare the OR values, and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to compare the differences among the areas under the ROC curves using the method of multiple comparison with the best. Results showed that the odds ration of myopia was 3.37 for students whose sleep time was 7 hours compared with students whose sleep time was 9 hours. Analysis of the areas under the ROC curves showed five variables with predictable values better than chance: age, sleeping time, reading or writing distance, hours of studying, and parental myopia.
It was not surprising, as proved by other studies, that parental myopia, reading or writing distances, time spent on studying or other activities by using eyes were dominant risk factors associated with juvenile myopia. Our findings indicated that hours of sleeping were also closely related to juvenile myopia, in which the underlying mechanism should be explored in the future study.
In many of the experimental research in social psychology, experimenters’ confederates were inevitable for creating the experimental setting required for the research goals. For example, one of the well-known classical research in social psychology is the experiment on conformity under social pressure by Salomon Asch in 1950’s. He showed people would conform to the majority even though their judgment was obviously incorrect. Naïve participants in the Asch experiments answered incorrectly conforming to the wrong answers of the majority participants that were confederates in reality.
The Asch experiments have been replicated by many researchers in a variety of experimental contexts. However, because it would need a set of confederates who would act appropriately to give a social pressure to naïve participants, few experiments have been conducted to investigate the conformity behavior of children. It is simply because it was difficult to obtain good child confederate for the experiments.
In Hanayama& Mori’s experimental study, published in Psychology 2011 vol.3 by Scientific Research Publishing, they showed 6-year old Japanese children tended to conform to the majority in the Asch line judgment tasks.They did not use confederates. Instead, they utilized the presentation trick that enabled to present two different visual stimuli on the same screen without viewers’ awareness of the duality. With this presentation trick, they presented a different task only to one of the foursomes of child participants. In this way, they investigated how a child would respond when his/her peers had a different answer. The important point here is that their peers who answered differently in the tasks were NOT confederates but that they answered differently because they were given different tasks. As a result, the naïve child participants under social pressure answered incorrectly conforming to their peers.
Yes, we all know through our daily experiences that small children tend to conform to the others. However, it was the first study that demonstrated it experimentally in the Asch experimental setting. The same experimental procedure may apply to an experiment for investigating the conformity of even younger children. It is an interesting open question in human development when children learn to conform to their peers.
The Sun contains ~74% hydrogen by weight. The isotope hydrogen-1 (99.985% of hydrogen in nature) is a usable fuel for fusion thermonuclear reactions.
This reaction runs slowly within the Sun because its temperature is low (relative to the needs of nuclear reactions). If we create higher temperature and density in a limited region of the solar interior, we may be able to produce self-supporting detonation thermonuclear reactions that spread to the full solar volume. This is analogous to the triggering mechanisms in a thermonuclear bomb. Conditions within the bomb can be optimized in a small area to initiate ignition, then spread to a larger area, allowing producing a hydrogen bomb of any power. In the case of the Sun certain targeting practices may greatly increase the chances of an artificial explosion of the Sun. This explosion would annihilate the Earth and the Solar System, as we know them today.
The reader naturally asks: Why even contemplate such a horrible scenario? It is necessary because as thermonuclear and space technology spreads to even the least powerful nations in the centuries ahead, a dying dictator having thermonuclear missile weapons can produce (with some considerable mobilization of his military/industrial complex)— an artificial explosion of the Sun and take into his grave the whole of humanity. It might take tens of thousands of people to make and launch the hardware, but only a very few need know the final targeting data of what might be otherwise a weapon purely thought of (within the dictator’s defense industry) as being built for peaceful, deterrent use.
Those concerned about Man’s future must know about this possibility and create some protective system—or ascertain on theoretical grounds that it is entirely impossible.
Humanity has fears, justified to greater or lesser degrees, about asteroids, warming of Earthly climate, extinctions, etc. which have very small probability. But all these would leave survivors –nobody thinks that the terrible annihilation of the Solar System would leave a single person alive. That explosion appears possible at the present time. In this paper is derived the ‘AB-Criterion’ which shows conditions wherein the artificial explosion of Sun is possible. The author urges detailed investigation and proving or disproving of this rather horrifying possibility, so that it may be dismissed from mind—or defended against.
Alexander Bolonkin former senior researcher of NASA and research laboratories of the USA Air Force and Joseph Friedlander published scientific article about possibility the artificial explosion of the Sun by a crazed dictator and methods of protection Humanity from distraction.
Due to the current modern comfort life, consumer attitude is shifting more toward easy to prepare, convenient, and attractive processed meat products which had led to put more pressure on meat industry to employ different additives during formulation to meet consumer demands. Phosphates components are considered as a master additives in processed meat products because they play multifaceted role in meat products by improving the flavor, texture and juiciness as well as product stability during storage. Recently, several health organizations and governmental bodies started to warn from using of phosphates due to their nutritional drawbacks that come from their ability to interfere the absorption of some minerals in the gut in particular calcium and magnesium. Therefore, consumers have currently bad reputation about phosphates. In addition, several countries have banned their use in raw meat production. In response to these nutritional drawbacks, several attempts have being emerged to evaluate the use of some functional ingredients to replace phosphate in meat products. It is a great challenge to find an ingredient that can work in multifaceted functional way as phosphate does. In this context, sodium bicarbonate is one of proposed ingredient to replace phosphates in processed meat products.
This issue raises some questions: is it possible to formulate phosphate free processed meat products? Can sodium bicarbonate replace phosphates in processed meat products at the same time keeping the quality traits as phosphate does?
The study of Petracci et al from department of Agricultural and Food Sciences at University of Bologna, Italy, published inFood and Nutrition Sciences 2013 vol.5 by SCIRP publishingwas done trying to find answers for these questions. His team studied the differences in quality traits between phosphate and bicarbonate-marinated chicken breast cooked under different heat treatments. This study revealed that using of sodium bicarbonate instead of phosphate can impart similar quality traits for marinated breast meat in comparison to breast treated with phosphate. Interestingly, they found that sodium bicarbonate improved the ability of meat to retain water during process which can add more economical value for meat industry. Based on the former results, bicarbonate could be a promising agent to replace phosphate in meat formulation.
You are not alone! Do not accuse yourself. Obesity presents one of the biggest and catastrophically growing problems in the world’s health. Over 300,000 excess adult deaths in the US each year are related to obesity. The proper danger of obesity is forced by its close association with a many harm illnesses, such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, stroke, cancer, liver disease, gout, and disease of the joints. What is more, the long existing belief of nutritive origin of the disease became bankrupt. The problem appears extraordinary complicated. However, researchers do not give up hope.
In Sergey N. Rumyantsev research review from Department of Evolutionary Immunology at Andent Inc, USA published in Open Journal of Genetics, 2011, 1, 1-8 by Scientific Research Publishing. In contrast to the bankrupted belief of overeating origin of obesity, his team revealed a lot of evidences that obesity is not caused by FastFood. The cause is hided inside of the genome of any afflicted body. The development of obesity is induced by either hereditary or post-infectious incongruence between the regulators of fat metabolism and their receptors. The pandemic spread of obesity is also forced by genetic admixture between ethnoses, those regulator-receptor evolution has processed at different epidemic conditions. The current pandemic obesity may be substantially restricted by prospective elaboration of relevant vaccines against obesogenic infectious agents as well as by the measures of genetic hygiene, for instance, by the refusal of interethnic crossbreeding. These new notions provide the framework and new landmarks for the location of genomic roots of the origin of obesity and should induce the appearance of new research ideas and proposals for obesity prevention and therapy.Beside, here remains fare much to be learned about this extraordinarily unique and extremely complex disease.
The first permanent molar as the first permanent tooth in the mouth and with a general insufficient oral hygiene of the children, is commonly subject to significant compromise which may arise due to caries or endodontic complication, or from developmental anomalies such as hypoplasia. Compromised teeth with questionable prognosis may result in short- and long-term clinical dilemmas. The aim of this research is to highlight the factors that require careful consideration when a compromised UFPM is detected and the importance of timely UFPMextraction to ensure the mesial drift of the upper second permanent molar (USPM) to fulfill the space of the extracted UFPM without any orthodontic intervention. For this purpose 52 heavily destructed UFPMs were extracted at age of 10.5 years old, 44(84.6%) USPMs erupted exactly distal to the second premolar while only 7 (13.4%) USPMs erupted 1 mm distal to the second premolar. Clinically it is recommended to extract the heavily destructed upper first molars at age of 10.5 years old to ensure the complete closure of the extraction space by the passive mesial drift of upper second permanent molar.
Millions of people suffer from a herpes virus infection. Millions more suffer from HPV. Treatments are limited. There are no drugs against HPV, and the drugs against the herpes virus have limited effectiveness.
A recent post-marketing clinical study, published in the journal Pharmacology & Pharmacy in September 2013 by Scientific Research Publishing, offers hope to the millions infected with these viruses. The study showed that Gene-Eden-VIR, a natural product, safely and effectively reduced symptoms of herpes and HPV infections.The study was conducted by Hanan Polansky and Edan Itzkovitz from the Center for the Biology of Chronic Disease (CBCD).
The researchers gave Gene-Eden-VIR to individuals infected with one or more of the following viruses: Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1), Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2), Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), and Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV). As a result, the participants reported a significant reduction in the severity, duration and frequency of their symptoms.
Gene-Eden-VIR was developed through a unique process. Scientists at polyDNA used a psycho-linguistic computer program called Computer Intuition to analyze thousands of scientific papers. Using the program, the scientists predicted that Gene-Eden-VIR would be antiviral. The clinical study confirmed their prediction. As the authors of the clinical study wrote: Gene-Eden-VIR “safely and effectively decreases symptoms in individuals infected with the HPV, HSV, EBV, HCMV, and HCV” viruses.
Based on these results, study authors concluded that healthcare practitioners should recommend Gene-Eden-VIR as a safe and effective antiviral treatment to the millions of people infected with these viruses.
Global treaty of children rights says that no child should be forgotten, they should be taken care of and they should be provided with training. Children love painting and playing with picture along with painting can provide an appropriate environment for their active training and improving their creativity in health-related education.
Dental caries is a prevalent disease among children. Dental caries prevention is a priority in creating healthy behavior in today’s health system. The results of the present study revealed that providing health training aided with painting and playing with pictures can effective improving learning healthy behavior related to mouth and tooth health.
Being creative implies being sensitive to problems and having original, diverse and flexible thoughts to elaborate possible solutions, or creating new problems in order to transform the present reality.
The connection between creativity and learning came from the definition of being creative and it´s one of its goals: transform. Hence, it´s well known that the evidence of a meaningful learning is related to the ability to adapt (transform) the knowledge to different contextual situations and finding solutions without difficulty, understanding this as the ability to transfer. In that sense, the process of transferring requires creative skills, that allow students to jump from unfamiliar and somewhat unstructured tasks, into new applications of concepts to find diverse solutions in different contexts of learning.
In Javier Pulgar’s research review from the Department of Physics at University of Bío Bío, Chile published in Creative Education 2013 vol.4 by Scientific Research Publishing. , his team reviewed that it is possible to improve these two elements –creativity and physics knowledge- by presenting original problems or situations, which require a different and diverse thinking to solve, and by using some heuristic tools like maps of concepts and Gowin’s V diagrams to analyze information and to solve physics problems. The effectiveness of the V-based learning and concept maps can be seen in students’ ability to perceive problems from different directions, which opens the range of possible solutions that can turn out to be original and creative for students, even when it´s not in a wider context. In this research, the team also found a strong relationship between creative skills and academic success, concluding that students with higher levels of creativity are more prepared to understand physics principles and find right solutions for physics problems, and hence, to succeed in physics´ courses.
Given the importance of creative thinking in the learning process, every educational activity should be focused on creating learning environments which provides opportunities to develop creativity inside the classroom, generating thinking flexibility and the open-mindedness that would allow students to generate better knowledge in order to transform their reality.
Maternity Leave is an important benefit to the female employees that plays important role to increase organizational loyalty, efficiency and job satisfaction, particularly in the Non-Government Organizations (NGOs). ‘Maternity Benefit’ means leave with wages granted to a female worker because of her giving birth to a child. Maternity is a condition which requires differential treatment to achieve genuine equality and, in this sense, it is more of a premise of the principle of equality than a dispensation. In Bangladesh, every employee will be entitled maternity leave for four to six month during two times at their service spell. But, some employees are discharged, dismissed, withdrawn or retrenched during their pregnant or leaving period.
In Omar Faroque’s research paper from Department of Business Administration at Northern University Bangladesh, published in Beijing Law Review 2013 vol. 4 No. 4 by Scientific Research Publishing. This study interviewed one hundred female employees experiencing at least one child at the different NGOs in Bangladesh and found that all of them have got three or four months as maternity leave benefit and a significant number has not got any types of payment during maternity leave (27%), have not enjoyed maternity leave properly (24%), and termination, send away, discharge etc. due to maternity leave (19%). It is also found that an inverse relationship exist with duration of maternity leave and age (26.4%) and length of service (34.1%). It revealed that duration of maternity leave decreases with increasing employees’ age and length of services and evidently, no NGO practices laws of maternity benefit properly in Bangladesh.
Therefore, every NGO should administer and implement the Laws of maternity benefit properly.
Human Resource Practitioners and employees in general have high desires for ownership, achievement, affiliation, competence and power and works well within an organization that foster these desired. When employees are able to identify those factors that determine their level of motivation and job satisfaction within the organization, they become healthy employees and functions better on the job.
In Cerease Nevins-Bennett research review from the School of Business and Entrepreneural Studies, Excelsior Community College, published inJournal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies 2013, volume 1, by Scientific Research Publishing, results show that goal orientated and learning oriented motivation styles are best practiced by participants neglecting the relationship motivation style. Employees were motivated to use appropriate behaviours to satisfy their needs which are usually learned from the culture of the society. Employees stated that being recognized is good as it builds one’s self esteem and confidence which will lead to job satisfaction over a period of continuous recognition. Beliefs such as “I get a lot of satisfaction when the customers are happy and are appreciative about what I do, as well as when they praise me” fosters motivation.
Working conditions that provides for the autonomous needs of the employees are also paramount. This need for autonomy is innate in all human beings and a frustration of this need will lead to maladaptive behaviour. Performance-mastery approach is important in this case as to be autonomous within the organization the workers must show a sense of task performance and mastery before full task confidence is bestowed unto them
To solve these motivational problems arising from their work environment, employees need to identify and eliminate all demotivators; make work fun and enjoyable; become active and not passive within the organization; surround themselves with positive people and identify their ‘provision ground’ – a heaven of comfort and happiness.
In previous studies, a subtest profile of the Wechsler series test was used to characterize maltreated children. Specifically, a higher score on the Picture Completion suggested hypervigilance symptoms related to post-traumatic stress disorder (Frankel et al., 2000). The aim of this study was to replicate the previous study using Japanese children and to extend the findings by examining the types of maltreatment, especially focusing on child sexual abuse. Participants were selected retrospectively from records at a Child Guidance Center, where maltreated children were protected, assessed, and treated in Japan. Data of 12 sexually abused children, 12 physically abused, 12 neglected, and 12 non-maltreated, matched for sex and age, were collected. All children had completed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children third edition Japanese version; 10 core subtests were used as dependent variables and Full Scale IQ was used as a covariate. Analysis of covariance showed signifi-cant differences on both the Picture Completion and Vocabulary subtests among groups. Post-hoc tests indicated that sexually abused children scored higher than non-maltreated comparisons on the Picture Completion test, but there were no significant differences on the Vocabulary test between sexual abuse and other groups. These find-ings replicate and extend the results reported in previous studies. The clinical implication of this study within the Japanese cultural context suggests that sexually abused children with higher scores on the Picture Completion test should be referred to a child psychiatrist to screen for post-traumatic symptoms. View Original article, please click here
Hypertension (HTN)is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. This requires the heart to work harder than normal to circulate blood through the blood vessels. Blood pressure is summarised by two measurements, systolic and diastolic, which depend on whether the heart muscle is contracting (systole) or relaxed between beats (diastole) and equate to a maximum and minimum pressure, respectively. Normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100-140mmHg systolic (top reading) and 60-90mmHg diastolic (bottom reading). High blood pressure is said to be present if it is persistently at or above 140/90 mmHg. Hypertension is classified as either primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension and it is a major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction (heart attacks), heart failure, aneurysms of the arteries (e.g. aortic aneurysm), peripheral arterial disease and is a cause of chronic kidney disease.As one of the most important research fields of human life, hypertension research is of great attractions to researchers.
In this special issue, we intend to invite front-line researchers and authors to submit original researches and review articles on exploring hypertension research. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:
Cardiovascular hypertension
High blood pressure
Arterial hypertension
Primary hypertension
Secondary hypertension
Hypertensive emergency
Authors should read over the journal’s Authors’ Guidelines carefully before submission, Prospective authors should submit an electronic copy of their complete manuscript through the journal at Paper Submission System.
Please kindly notice that the “Special Issue” under your manuscript title is supposed to be specified and the research field “Special Issue -HypertensionResearch” should be chosen during your submission.According to the following timetable:
Manuscript Due
March 11th, 2014
Publication Date
May 2014
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AbstractBoard Academic Keys
We are a product of our genes and our environment. Greater understanding of the specific mechanisms whereby the food we eat modifies the expression of our genes will help us understand how we can eat for better health. How our individual genetic differences contribute to our varying responses to diet can help explain why a ‘one-size fits all’ approach to dieting doesn’t work. Michelle Thunders from College of Health, Massey University, discusses the importance of understanding the impact of food on our genome in FNS2013 vol.4 published byScientific Research Publishing. Dietary recommendations are often generalized and intended to avert chronic illnesses such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In a climate where we are striving for personalization of healthcare maybe we need a simpler approach; one that embraces genetic variation yet focuses on the optimum nutritional benefit of dietary components.
A VESSEL WITH THE SYMBOLIC IMAGE OF THE GREAT GODDESS FROM CUCUTENI
A puzzling similarity has been observed in some of the ceramics and figurines in several cultures in Eastern Europe (the Trypillia-Cucuteni culture, 6500 – 5500 years before present [ybp]), Thailand (the Ban-Chiang culture, between 7400 and 3800 ybp), China (the Yangshao culture, between 8000 and 4000 ybp), North America (the Anasazi-Mogollon culture, between 7500 ybp and present time). It is remarkable that the ceramics of these four cultures match each other in 17 (45%) of the 38 indicators used to distinguish archeological ceramic piece in the comparative research. Remarkably, all four cultures with look-alike ceramics also use the swastika as a common symbol. We advance the hypothesis that all four cultures are connected by the Aryan (bearers of R1a) migrations between 5500 and 3000 ybp. While the Aryan migrations in Eurasia are well verified by DNA data, those in theAmericasare not known as yet. Consideration of R1ahaplotypes among Native Americans do not conflict with the hypothesis.
A VERY SIMILAR IMAGE OF THE GREAT GODDESS ON THE VESSEL FROM YANGSHAO
Introduction
This paper aims to explain a puzzling similarity in ceramics excavated from four Neolithic cultures and described in detail in Mironova (2013). The archaeological cultures, all agricul-
tural, are:
• in Europe, the Trypillian, or Trypillia-Cucuteni culture, 6500 – 5500 years before present (ybp), northwest from the Black Sea, and between the rivers Dnestr on the West and
Dnepr on the East
• in North-East Thailand, the Ban-Chiang culture, near the border with Laos, 7400 – 3800 ybp
• in China, the Yangshao culture, in the Huang He (Yellow River) basin, 8000 – 4000 ybp
• in North America, the Anasazi-Mogollon culture, located in Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and Colorado, 7500- the pre-sent.
The dates given here are for the cultures, not for the ceramics, which—if dated at all—are often not reliably dated. All the cul-tures are ancient; the Trypillian culture, which belongs to the Proto-Slavic region of Vincha-Tordosh-Keresh-Cucuteni-Try-pillia cultures of 8000 – 5000 ybp, reveals some similarity with ceramics and other artifacts of the Mesolithic Lepenski Vir culture in Serbia, dated at least 9400 – 8200 ybp using stron-tium isotope measurements (Boric & Price, 2013).
It is remarkable that these cultures—separated by thousands of miles—designed ceramics and figurines that bear similarities that cannot be regarded as accidental.
Features by which the Ceramic Artifacts Were
Compared
The features by which we assessed the ceramics were as-signed according to 38 features referred to technology, shape, function and ornament, the latter was based on classification by Golan (1991). We have found 17 similarities (45%) among the ceramics of the said four cultures. Remarkably, all four cultures with look-alike ceramics also use the swastika as a common symbol. The 17 similarities include the technology of ceram-ics-making using clay ribbons (without potter’s wheel) and polishing instruments, and finishing the surface: print of baskets, bast texture, engobe coating. Besides, they include common shapes and ornaments (designs, images, symbols) as follows: spoons with similar ornaments, anthropomorphic images, Great Goddess figure, Great Goddess face, “Eyes of Goddess”/volute sign, “eye” sign, Triglav (triskelion), spiral, double spiral, “Seeded soil” sign, triangles, S-shape ornaments, the Wsign, apparent calendar functions of the vessels. Besides, some common characteristics were not mentioned in (Golan, 1991), such as swastika, “Tausen” symbol, figurine shape, figurine ornament, such as mouth open, position of arms and legs, exposed genitals. Most of similarities are in the design/symbols categories. Not all similarities are shown in the figures in this paper, for more detailed comparisons the reader is referred to (Mironova, 2013) containing more than 140 illustrations.
A spacecraft which is not much bigger than a briefcase could potentially be sent to Jupiter, Uranus or beyond. However, its ability to send back useful data is limited by communications. The small size of these craft makes it difficult for them to generate the level of power needed for high-speed, long-distance transmission. It also limits the size of antenna that they can have, further hurting signal strength. In a recent article in Scientific Research Publishing’s Communications and Network journal, University of North Dakota computer scientist Jeremy Straub demonstrated the utility of using a pre-existing model (that is sent with the spacecraft) and a series of confirmation and update-to-the-model messages to reduce communications needs and enable these missions. In the article, entitled “Model Based Data Transmission: Analysis of Link Budget Requirement Reduction”, he noted that mission scientists could also choose the level of accuracy that they wanted and not have to spend valuable communications time transmitting updates to data beyond this level of accuracy. The two concepts, combined, allow scientific data to be transferred using only a small fraction of the communications time. This technology, thus, prospectively allows smaller craft to perform bigger missions and send back the scientific finding data produced.
Repeated transplantation (retransplantation) presents clinical, ethical and economical dilemmas for the medical community and the society. It is the only therapy for irreversible organ failure and represents from 10% to 22% of transplant activity worldwide. It is known that the patients’ survival rate after a second transplant is inferior to those after initial operation. A repeated transplantation is more surgically challenging procedure. Usually, it is more expensive primarily because of the longer ICU and hospital stay. The medical and financial problems related to retransplantation are compoundedby ethical issues. This procedure inevitably denies organs to first-time recipients. This topic is paramount for the society in the time of the critical organ shortage.
We would like to share our experience in approach to this difficult issues and hope that it will be helpful for the medical community as well as public in general.
Our medical center successfully performed combined liver-kidney transplant after two prior liver transplantations. We can realistically hope for a retransplantation survival rate to come close to the one of primary transplantation. We can achieve this result by careful selection of the suitable candidates, thorough planning of the procedure details and postoperative care.
We started with analysis of the available literature in the area of retransplantation looking for the major predictors of postoperative morbidity and mortality.We found out that the retransplantation is fully justifiable when performed electively and for the younger recipients.A very tight cooperation between the surgical, nursing teams, anesthesiologists and other technical personal in the operating room contributed to the success of this extremely challenging operation. Individualized postoperative care shortened patient’s ICU stay and allowed to discharge her home in two weeks.
Our unique experience with a repeat combined liver-kidney transplant opens a new prospective in the approach to the problem of the liver retransplantation.
MICROFOSSILS FROM THE KUMAKHIN FORMATION.：MICROORGANISM FERTILIZATION BY CELL DIVIDING INTO TWO PARTS;
Life originated on Earth in the form of unicellular microscopic organisms in sedimentary strata that accumulated in shallow-water seas no later then 3.5 billion years ago. These microorganisms are represented by archebacteria, bacteria and cyanobacteria which have no nucleus in the cell. For no less than 2.0 – 2.5 billion years, they were practically the only living microorganisms on Earth. They had a simple morphology which remained unchanged. It was not until 1 billion years ago thatmorphology of microorganisms became more diversified. Paleontologists think it was due to sexual reproduction. But before Dr. P. Kolosov from the Diamond and Precious Metals Geology Institute in Yakutsk presented his results in the Journal “Natural Resources”, 2013, vol.3, there was no well documented evidence in favor
of a sexual reproduction process at that early stage of life history. With the beginning of a sexual process at 1 Ga, as established by Dr. Kolosov, genetic information (DNA) was transferred from one cell to another, genetic variability of organisms increased, and the evolutionary process accelerated. Sexual reproduction of organisms played a crucial role in the development of biological diversity on Earth, which makes its greatest wealth now.
A striking similarity was found in the ancient ceramics and figurines across a number of archaeological Neolithic cultures between Eastern Europe, China and Thailand, and – mind boggling – North America. The ceramics in those four cultures (the Trypilla-Cucuteni in Europe, the Ban-Chiang in Thailand, the Yangshao in China, and Anasazi-Mogollon culture in North America) match each other in almost half of many (dozens) of characteristics features, such as details of the ornaments, clay ribbons, shapes, designs, images, symbols, the W sign, etc. Furthermore, a common symbol of all the four cultures was swastika, the signature of the legendary Aryans, who more than three thousand years ago came to such places as the Middle East, the Arabian Peninsula, Iranian plateau, India, Altai. It seems that they also came to live in China and Thailand. It sounds as an unbelievable story that they might have visited America as well, on a way maybe from China, thousands of your ago.
In Anatole Klyosov (Boston, USA) and Elena Mironova (Rostov-Don, Russia) study, endorsed by the Academy of DNA Genealogy (Boston-Moscow-Tsukuba), published in Advances in Anthropology (2013, vol. 3, No. 3) by Scientific Research Publishing, a large number of ceramics, most of them exposed in museums across the world, were considered, and superimposed with known migration paths of the Aryans, who were shown to be bearers of haplogroup R1a. Haplogroup in terms of DNA genealogy is a tribe, defined by a unique pattern of mutations in Y chromosome of the DNA. Those ancient migrations of the Aryans left trails of their descendants who live along those paths even now, thousands of years later. In an earlier study of Professor Klyosov, published in 2009 in Journal of Genetic Genealogy, and then in more detail in Advances in Anthropology (2012, vol. 2, No. 1) it was shown that the most ancient ancestors of the Aryans (haplogroup R1a) lived in Northern China (now ethnic communities Hui, Bonan, Dongxiang, and Salars) as long as 20 thousand years ago. From there, they migrated to Europe across Hindustan, Iranian plateau, Anatolia (now Turkey) and to the Balkans, where arrived between 8 and 10 thousand years ago. About 4600 years ago the Aryans moved to the Russian Plain, and soon after it they went south, southwest and east. Remarkably, that while moving east, they carried their ceramics and were making it using traditional motifs. That is how their crafts were eventually brought to China, closing the migration loop after 16 thousand years. How they got to America, still remains a mystery. The authors have analyzed the DNA of the current Native Americans and concluded that available data do not conflict with the hypothesis that there were some R1a bearers – unknown to us as yet—who arrived on the shores of the New World and brought with them ceramic designs and sacred symbols known in East Europe and South East Asia. This conjecture is supported to some degree by the DNA record available to us today. Where they came to America from? From China? The question is still open.
The question:”what is the nature of the Inertial force”, and how is it created, has troubled physicists for many years. It is found that a partial explanation for the creation of this force, is found by calculating the stress force created in the gravitational field of the accelerated mass which curves due to the acceleration.
This approach is based, first, on the fact that the gravitational field of the accelerated mass curves, and second, on the conjecture that this curved field acts on the accelerated mass as a reaction force, which contradicts the acceleration. In defining this reaction force, we use a definition of a “fine structure constant” for inertia, which is similar in nature to the fine structure constant used in quantum mechanics, showing that this definition enables a better understanding of the phenomenon of inertia.
Certainly, a further work is needed, in order to get a better understanding of this constant, and an improvement of its definition is needed, which will supply a nicer compatibility with the calculations. When this is obtained, the general phenomenon will be better understood.
Source: International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2013 Vol.3 No.4 by Scientific Research Publishing
Child abuse and neglect are extremely traumatic experience; they have terribly deleterious effects on victim child’s development.
The earliest report on “battered child syndrome” described mental retardation in abused children. However, hard and harsh conditions could be mental pabulum for survivors, known as posttraumatic growth. With respect to intellectual development, almost all the influence of child maltreatment are negative but there is a vague positive possibility.
In Kohske Ogata’ study from Osaka Prefectural Government Child-Family Center in Japan, published in Psychology (Psych) 2011 vol.2 by Scientific Research Publishing.He replicated and elaborated the prior research providing the hypothesis that Picture Completion test in the Wechsler scale suggests the hyperarousal symptom in their PTSDHis research analyzed the WISC-III of 12 physically abused, 12 sexually abused, 12 neglected, and 12 non-maltreated children. Results revealed that there was a significant difference on the Picture Completion test only between sexually abused and non-maltreated group, showing higher score in sexually victims as controlled for Full-scale IQ. Sexual abuse as a most traumatic experience may facilitate their visual processing ability because anxiety and fear against victimization give rise to the advancement to avoid and survive the next assault by a perpetrator. Hyper-vigilance state in abused children may be a consequence of their keeping strict watch against outer world of them.
He makes an admonish for practitioners that it is quite important to assess and estimatetheir posttraumatic symptoms in one way and another even if any kinds of the PTSD scale were not administered. He continued his research to understand maltreated children’s development; then, he has already reported the sequel examination that analyzed larger samples by more direct methodology, published in Psychology (Psych) 2012 vol.3 by Scientific Research Publishing.
For years, children of alcoholics have been a focus of study for clinical psychologists. This is due, on the one hand, to an unfortunately high incidence of alcoholism in modern society; and on the other hand, to the notably specific functioning of those families which suffer from alcohol problems. Our knowledge and understanding of the psychology of children of alcoholics is constantly increasing and improving. Today, we know that the offspring of parents addicted to alcohol are typically characterized by an increased tvulnerability to a variety of problems, and that genetic factors influence 40-60% of the variance of risk of alcoholism. However, it must be stressed that some children of alcoholics develop properly, going on to lead a satisfactory life free from mental disorders or issues.As early as half a century ago in the theoretical models of alcoholism studies there was a tendency to view the disorder, and its underlying causes, as a phenomenon essentially subject to the influence of one factor. The dominant view was the child of an alcoholic would inevitably exhibit many of the problems and symptoms of psychopathology. One of the key research aims that were posed in this study was to answer the question of whether the population of children of alcoholics can be differentiated according to different aspects of mental health. It turned out that although parental alcoholism clearly affects mental the mental health of young people, about 40% of them exhibit adequate levels of adaptation to the conditions of life.
In IwonaGrzegorzewska’s and MarzannaFarnicka’sresearch review from Team of Psychology at University of ZielonaGóra, published in Psychology, 2013 vol.4,no12 by Scientific Research Publishing.
The aim of the research was to describe the process of resilience in school children of alcoholics. It was important to show how risk and protective factors, personal resources and the social environment (within the family and without) determine the occurrence of positive adaptation. The research shows that resilient children of alcoholics are characterized by a specific system of individual predispositions and environmental factors. They are typically characterized by patterns of secure attachment with the mother. People who are healthy and well-adjusted tend to have a positive temperament, which at school age, manifests itself as low level of emotionality and shyness, and a high level of sociability and activity. The results of this study provide a basis for claiming a unique specificity of the process of resilience among children of parents with mental disorders. A key resource for these children, to help them function efficiently and effectively, and to cope with chronic stress appears to be their innate biological equipment in the form of a more positive temperament, and especially a greater ability to regulate their emotions. This can, in a way, allow such individuals to protect themselves against the negative effects of parental alcoholism.
It is worth noting that the results obtained in the study indicate the specific role of parents in shaping the psychological resilience of children of alcoholics. During school age, even despite strong relationships with peers, parental influence is a major factor in the most important aspects of adaptation. This and our previous research almost convinced, that the family remains the main venue of support and advice. Support from parents and good relationships with them, especially maternal, correspond to a higher index than the support that young people receive from their peers. The conclusions for practice indicate the essential role of parental relationship with children, and the importance of academic achievement during. Therefore, helping young students with problems in regards to school appears to be a real factor in the support that can be offered as part of prevention .
The increasing incidence of obesity, and its contribution to metabolic syndrome in all age group, is becoming an urgent public health syndrome in all ages. We compared diets between obese and non-obese older subjects and compared diets with physical activity.
Forty-five obese and eighty-seven non-obese older subjects. Intakes of food by food-group in the obesity and non-obesity groups were checked using a visual type presentation of model nutritional balance chart (MNBC). The MNBC demonstrated the ideal dietarydistribution of 11 categories of food: potatoes and grains (hereinafter called grains), meat, fish, eggs, milk and dairy products (hereinafter called milk), beans and bean products, such as bean curd and miso soup (hereinafter called beans), green and yellow vegetables, light-colored vegetables, fruits, oil, and sugar. The number of times each food category was consumed was marked with black dots; the foods eaten were recorded by category, but not by amount. The subject filled a meal chart which consisted of columns for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks between meals. The meal chart was to be filled out for any 3 days of the last 2 weeks before revisiting the programs for preventing self-care dependence. We calculated the nutritional balance, as follows: (intake ration of food = the actual food intake / the ideal food intake following the MNBC). Thus the nutritional balance based on the MNBC was ideally “1”.（In Atsuko Satoh‘ research review from Hirosaki University of Health and Welfare, published in Health Journal2013 Vol. 5 by Scientific Research Publishing）
Average BMIs of obese and non-obese older subjects were 27.1 ± 2.1 kg/m² (varied from 16.3 to 24.9 kg/m², n=45) and 21.5 ± 2.3 kg/m² (varied from 25.0 to 34.5 kg/m²、n=88), respectively. The numbers of older subjects who did or did not engage in regular exercise were 33 and 10 in the obesity group and 61 and 23 in the non-obesity group, respectively. Exercise performance was not different between obese and non-obese older subjects. When the subjects completed the food chart over the three day interval, visual intakes of eleven categories of food were calculated and input to a computer. Intake-ratio of food in the obesity group was significantly higher than that of the non-obesity group (p< 0.01) in the categories of meat, eggs, oil, and sugar.
Food intake is a primary factor of obesity but regular exercise or habitual activities is not a key factor for obesity in older subjects. Since exercise habit is difficult to achieve in older subjects, particularly those who are obese, food control using the present visual type MNBC would be one strategy for the management of obesity.
