4/23/2014

Treating Comorbid Insomnia in Older Adults via Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment, Bright Light and Exercise

Treating Comorbid Insomnia in Older Adults via Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment, Bright Light and Exercise



Author(s) :K. Richter, J. Myllymaeki, S. Scharold-Schaefer, I. Tomova, R. Mayrer, G. Niklewski



Reasons for the increase of sleep disorders in old age
REASONS FOR THE INCREASE OF SLEEP DISORDERS IN OLD AGE.


Background: Insomnia occurs frequently in older adults. The underlying factors for the disorder are physiological changes of the sleep-wake cycle, comorbid diseases and drug treatment. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT I) combined with light therapy and physical activity can be effective in the treatment of comorbid insomnia in older adults. Methods: Sixty-three (63) insomnia patients (47 female, 16 male) with an average age of 66.6 years participated in the program. Before and after the treatment, the participants completed questionnaires to assess their sleep quality (PSQI), day-time sleepiness (ESS), mood (BDI) and well-being (WHO-5-Index). In addition, they kept sleep diaries for six weeks. Results: Pre-post comparisons revealed a significant improvement in sleep latency and sleep quality, as well as a significant reduction of day-time sleepiness. In patients with both insomnia and depression, all depression scores improved slightly but significantly. Conclusions: Non-pharmacological combination treatment using CBT I, light therapy and physical activity seemed to be effective in older adults with comorbid insomnia and improve additionaly depressive symptoms.

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Call For Papers – Special Issue on Aneurysm Research

Call For Papers – Special Issue on Aneurysm Research



This special issue on “Aneurysm Research” will be focusing on the latest advancement in aneurysm studies. An aneurysm is an abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel. Aneurysms can occur anywhere throughout the circulatory, but most commonly develop along the aorta (the body’s main blood vessel) and in blood vessels of the brain. It is not clear exactly what causes aneurysms. Some aneurysms are present at birth (congenital). Defects in some of the parts of the artery wall may be responsible. Treatment depends on the size and location of the aneurysm. In recent years, endovascular or minimally invasive techniques have been developed for many types of aneurysms. The goal of this special issue is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in the area of aneurysm research.

In this special issue, we intend to invite front-line researchers and authors to submit original research and review articles on exploring aneurysm research. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

    • Cerebral aneurysm
    • Abdominal aneurysm
    • Renal (kidney) aneurysm


Authors should read over the journal’s Authors’ Guidelines carefully before submission. Prospective authors should submit an electronic copy of their complete manuscript through the journal at Paper Submission System.

Please kindly notice that the “Special Issue” under your manuscript title is supposed to be specified and the research field “Special Issue - Aneurysm Research” should be chosen during your submission.

According to the following timetable:

Manuscript Due
April 17th, 2014
Publication Date
June 2014


Guest Editor:

 For further questions or inquiries

Please contact Editorial Assistant at

health@scirp.org

Development of Coatings Marine Antifouling Based on Perfluorinated Surfactants Synthesis and Physicochemical Study

Development of Coatings Marine Antifouling Based on Perfluorinated Surfactants Synthesis and Physicochemical Study



Author(s):Abdelkader Bacha, Rachid Méghabar

The fight against dirt settling on the hulls of ships and more generally on all underwater structures is more than 2000 years. The need for effective antifouling paints, which prevents the establishment and growth of marine organisms on submerged structures, is universally recognized. In this work, we synthesize two perfluorinated surfactants from simple monomers. After describing the reactions, we discuss the different analyzes of the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), the fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance (NMRI9F), gel permeationchromatography (GPC) and the light scattering (LS) at a fixed angle 90. The glass transition temperature of the two surfactants diethylallylphosphonate and allylamine are obtained by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Antifouling paint properties were followed by exposure of the plates to the marine environment by visual observation.

Source: Journal of Surface Engineered Materials and Advanced Technology;  DOI: 10.4236/jsemat.2014.42012

Where is the Mobility in Mobile Cloud Computing?

Where is the Mobility in Mobile Cloud Computing?



Author(s):Al-Sakib Khan Pathan

Now-a-days, Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) has been under intense investigation from various perspectives by many researchers around the globe. But, exactly where is the mobility in this emerging technology? What would be the imperatives to address to make it a reality with true sense of mobility?

Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) refers to an emerging infrastructure where both of the data storage and the data processing happen outside the mobile device from which an application is launched. With even having very little software or data in the handheld mobile devices, users can get cloud services in an MCC setting. Thus, it enables anytime, anywhere computing and storage.

Al-Sakib Khan Pathan, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) published an editorial article on this topic in the International Journal of Internet and Distributed Systems, Volume 1, Number 3, August 2013 by Scientific Research Publishing. His research team at the Networking and Distributed Computing Laboratory at IIUM is working on some of the aspects of MCC. He writes in the article that the concept of MCC “.. does not basically make the cloud computing “mobile” but rather it could be considered as a wireless extension of cloud service facilities. All the wirelessly connected computing devices use the wireless communication technologies to access the Internet and thus, the resources of the cloud to get the tasks done. This, being the essence of the concept, when the actual cloud infrastructure remains not-mobile, many challenges and issues come forward.” These issues would be similar to the existing issues for static cloud infrastructure.

The article argues that to achieve true mobility of the cloud, the entire cloud service providing infrastructure needs to be built on (or, supported by) the mobile hand-held devices, which would require more advanced technologies for providing long steady battery lifetime – possibly with dynamic energy-harvesting technologies. If the numerous number of handheld computing devices surrounding us could hold the cloud providing-service forming a more dynamic cloud, then only it could be called a true Mobile Cloud Computing infrastructure!

Dr. Sakib comments that this is an open area where combined research works are needed from the angles of both Computer Science and Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Security and user-privacy would surely be a critical issue however; some parts of the resources of the highly sophisticated future mobile devices with long battery lifetime may be dedicated for sharing and supporting the Mobile Cloud, in the truest sense!

Warm And Kind Invitation To Discover Faithful And Unique Thermodynamics And Dynamics Of Weather Phenomena As Revealed By Mathematic Formulation Of Earth’s Atmosphere Dynamic Balance

Author(s):Mbane Biouele César
Meteorology, as practiced and taught today only describes the behavior of ideal gases. However, a huge portion of the troposphere, revealed by the mathematic formulation of earth’s atmosphere dynamic balance established in 2009 by Cesar Mbane Biouele, have behaviors diametrically opposed to those of ideal gas. Because of this fatal mistake, everything meteorology offers in this strategic region of the Troposphere, wrongly regarded as an ideal gas, is completely false. The effectiveness of the earth’s atmosphere dynamic balance equation established in 2009 by C. Mbane Biouele is proved in his recent papers and can correct multiple errors that each of us can now see in many literary and audiovisual works on climate or meteorology. Changes proposed by the mathematical formulation of the earth’s atmosphere dynamic balance improve our knowledge on current weather events such as:
  • - Earth’s Atmosphere General Circulation,
  • - Earth’s atmosphere prevailing surface winds,
  • - Hurricanes and Cyclones wind’s profiles,
  • - Relationships between earth’s rotation or revolution and geographical extent of the global surface monsoons,
  • - Physics of Atmosphere Dynamic or Electric Balance Processes Such As Thunderclouds and Related Lightning Flashes
More information on above topics are available on Cesar Mbane’s recent papers published inSCIR-ACS journal with references give below.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2014.41006; http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2014.41001;http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2014.41015 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2014.42022
N.B.: Maps on earth’s atmosphere prevailing surface winds published in (htttp://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2014.42022) are well drawn than those published in (http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2014.41006). This recommendation is very useful to everyone who wants to learn about relationships between earth’s rotation or revolution and geographical extent of the global surface monsoons.

IL-1 Receptor Type II Production Is Upregulated by IL-4 and IL-13, and Downregulated by IFN-γ in Mouse Gingival Epithelial Cells

IL-1 Receptor Type II Production Is Upregulated by IL-4 and IL-13, and Downregulated by IFN-γ in Mouse Gingival Epithelial Cells



Author(s):Y. Kamiya, Y. Ishihara, H. Kamei, Y. Ozawa, H. Mizutani, K. Kubo, H. Maeda, T. Noguchi

Background and Objective: Interleukin-1 (IL-1) binds to 2 distinct and separate receptors, types I and II (IL-1RI and IL-1RII, respectively). The binding of IL-1 to IL-1RI induces cellular signaling and biological effects, whereas binding to IL-1RII does not induce cellular signaling and indirectly inhibits IL-1 biological activities such as that of the decoy receptor. Recently, Suzukiet al.reported that soluble IL-1RII (sIL-1RII) was detected in gingival crevicular fluid from a periodontitis patient. However, it remains unclear which cells produce sIL-1RII detected in periodontal tissues. We examined the localization of IL-1RII producing cells in gingival tissues as well as related production control mechanisms. Material and Methods: IL-1RII mRNA expression in gingival epithelial cells (GE1) was performed by real-time PCR analysis, while the amount of sIL-1RII production in supernatant from GE1 cells was examined by dot-blot analysis. Involvement of the phosphorylation of STAT6 in the signaling pathway was determined by western blot analysis. Statistical analysis was performed with Student’st-test. Results: Culturing with IL-4 and IL-13 significantly increased IL-1RII mRNA to levels 10.5-and 8.89-fold, respectively, above that of the control (p< 0.01), while addition of interferon-γ(IFN-γ) significantly suppressed IL-1RII mRNA by 0.22-fold as compared to the control (p< 0.05). Soluble IL-1RII in the supernatant of cultured GE1 cells was increased by IL-4 and IL-13, and decreased by IFN-γ, while western blotting determines the suppression of IL-1RII production by IFN-γ. Without the addition of IL-4 or IL-13with or withoutIFN-γ, P-Tyr- STAT6 was not detected. Conclusion: IL-1RII mRNA expression and sIL-1RII production were increased by IL-4 and IL-13, and decreased by IFN-γ. Finally, IL-4 signaling was regulated by IFN-γ through phosphorylation of STAT6 and IL-13 signaling blockage by IFN-γ downstream of STAT6 translocation.

Source:

Journal of Modern Research in Inflammation; DOI: 10.4236/mri.2014.32005

How Xenophobic Beliefs shape Natives’ Attitudes towards Redistribution

How Xenophobic Beliefs shape Natives’ Attitudes towards Redistribution



Taken as a whole, immigrants can be scary for two opposite reasons. On the one hand, they can be seen as people willing to work hard for low income and competing with local worker. This competition deprives natives of their jobs or at least contributes to the reduction in their income. The immigrant is scary because he is a hard worker. On the other hand, immigrants can be seen as less competitive and skilled than native workers, and as benefiting from social protectionprograms. This immigrant is frowned upon because unlike the first, he dries up social security funds. Both concerns have psychological effects on the natives’ support for social protection, including protection against unemployment or poverty.

Raul Magni-Berton’s research from Department of Political Science at Grenoble University, published in Open Journal of Political Science 2013 vol.1 by Scientific Research Publishing usesa multivariate estimation on 3000 French. He shows that those who see immigrants as lazy or unskilled, wish further reduce the welfare state, while those who see them as dangerously competitive want instead increase it. This statistical relationship holds after appropriate controls (attitudes vis-à-vis the market, religiousness, age, gender and other demographic and occupational characteristics). Bivariate estimates for 54 countries also confirm this finding.

The explanation is simple: when we are afraid of losing out to competition, we want to be more protected. However, when we are the winners, we do not want to pay for those who have lost. When the reason for the fear of foreigners is known, we can predict in which direction the attitudes towards social protection go.

4/14/2014

Drastic upgrade of the most popular device on Earth

Drastic upgrade of the most popular device on Earth



Author(s) :Y. A. Tkachenko, J. P. Potekhina, M. V. Golovanova, R. A. Plokhov, I. E. Davydov, D. A. Golovachev



thermometer
THE PROCESS OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT IN THE AREA OF KNEE JOINT.


Medical thermometer is present in every household. From the moment of its invention by Galileo Galilei in 1597, it did not change much. Electronic thermometer is safe and easy to use, but, in principle, it does not differ from mercury or alcohol thermometer.

The group of scientists from R&D department of JSC “CEM-Technology”, Nizhniy Novgorod (Russia) developed the device with infrared sensor, which receives thermal radiation from the person’s body with consequent automatic analysis of temperature data through computer program. The user of such “Smart Thermometer” uses his/her own gadget, for example smartphone or alike, and installed on it a special program. The user measures temperature on the area of interest, for example, on the knee, and sends the temperature data to the gadget.

Thermal field or color thermogram is imposed on the photo of user’s problem area of the body and clearly shows the zones of normal and abnormal temperature. Smart Thermometer automatically compares thermograms that were received in previous sessions and displays a message to the user about the change of the condition. Taking temperature measurements and receiving automatic conclusion takes no more than one minute.

The authors published the received and analyzed results in Modern Instrumentation (MI), Vol.3 No.1 2014, pp.1-7.

Nowadays, only two diseases are successfully monitored at home. Hypertension is monitored with blood pressure monitor (tonometer) and diabetes is monitored with glucometer. These devices radically improved quality of life of people with hypertension and diabetes. Before invention of Smart Thermometer, more than 1.5 billion of people with diseases of joints, veins, inflammatory and other diseases did not have such device for monitoring of their diseases.

Smart Thermometer helps to objectively estimate the effectiveness of medication, treatment procedure, ointment or medicinal cosmetics. Smart Thermometer helps to receive maximal results from therapy of a disease by choosing the most appropriate medication and exact dosage for each individual.

Image Credits: Scientific Research Publishing Modern Instrumentation , Vol.3 No.1(2014)

4/10/2014

Primitive Mammoth Hunters and the Earliest Breed of Dog

Primitive Mammoth Hunters and the Earliest Breed of Dog

Author(s) :Petr N. Kolosov



East siberia. Locations: ■—Man settlement in Yana river mouth; ▲—site of discovery of dog skulls along Rassokha river; ●— Berelekh mammoth “cemetery”.
EAST SIBERIA. LOCATIONS: ■—MAN SETTLEMENT IN YANA RIVER
MOUTH; ▲—SITE OF DISCOVERY OF DOG SKULLS ALONG RASSOKHA RIVER; ●—
BERELEKH MAMMOTH “CEMETERY”.


Nowadays, the Arctic is of intense interest to the world. It is connected with the continental shelf’s energy resources and the actual problems of Earth’s climate, abilities of the Northern Maritime, fishing and tourism.

The question of how man managed to survive and earn his living in the severe climatic conditions of the arctic regions in northeast Asia (later on moved to America) in the Late Paleolithic (30 ka) is very interesting. Another intriguing question is how the domestication of the wolf in the given areas came about. It is a problematical interdisciplinary subject, directly connected with the history of mankind and the beginning of human survival in the Arctic.

About 30 thousand years ago, hunting tribes reached arctic latitudes in Siberia, northeast Asia. This is evidenced by a Paleolithic site found at the mouth of the Yana river (at 30 ka) falling into the Laptev Sea . According to Schirrmeisner et al. [2] , at 48 – 33.5 ka the climate in the Lena river delta was close to that existing now.

Primitive man hunted for mammoth, bison, wooly rhinoceros, musk-ox, wild horse and other animals. He could see that along with him wolves preyed on these large animals too, migrating toward northeast Asia. These two hunters, man and wolf, constantly ran into each other, particularly beside the bodies of dead mammoths.



Scene of prehistorical people mammoth hunting by driving them with dogs (artist E. Y. Nesterova).
SCENE OF PREHISTORICAL PEOPLE MAMMOTH HUNTING BY DRIVING THEM WITH DOGS (ARTIST E. Y. NESTEROVA).


Ancient hunters could see that the wolf is an intelligent, cautious and observant animal; it has excellent hearing and sight, and a fantastic sense of smell. A wolf can lie in ambush and wait for a convenient moment to attack prey. It can run fast (up to 65 km/h), is strong, and knows well that hunting in packs for large animals yields better results.

Of all the animals, the dog is man’s best friend and helper. However, the questions concerned with the origin of the domestic dog are debatable and as yet poorly studied. No wonder they are ignored by many authors  .

Genetic scientists from the USA, Sweden, and Australia have concluded that the domestic dog first appeared in northeast Asia. This conclusion was based on the fact that the gene composition of dogs from this region is highly variable, which is indicative of their long evolution [3] . The finding of two dog skulls on the Rassokha River, a left tributary of Alazeya falling into the East Siberian Sea, confirm this conclusion . The skulls were removed from the Edoma Formation aged at 25 – 35 ka  .

Source: Journal of Natural Resources; DOI:10.4236/nr.2014.53011



Image Credits: Scientific Research Publishing Journal of Natural Resources , Vol.5 No.3(2014)

creativity in education? The unexpected as creative possibility

creativity in education? The unexpected as creative possibility

Author:Romina Elisondo

Source:

The Unexpected and Education: Curriculums for Creativity; Journal of Creative Education; DOI: 10.4236/ce.2013.412A2002

Unexpected promotes creativity. Design activities, curriculum and educational contexts with unexpected components is one way to stimulate creativity in the classroom.

The article write by Elisondo, Donolo and Rinaudo, researchers from the National University of Río Cuarto (Argentina), published in Creative Education 2013, Volume 12B, present experiences and researches where the unexpected promote creative contexts of learning.

The unexpected includes new ways of thinking educational contexts. It goes against monotonous activities. The unexpected characterizes the creative processes, proposing educational contexts using unexpected components may be a new way to break established practice and allow space for, improvisation and creativity. The unexpected creates opportunities not only for students but also for teachers. Building new ways of teaching that move beyond predictable and expected tasks may enrich teaching practice and professional development

Curricular decisions that include unexpected components may allow teaching and learning contexts in which knowledge,  emotions and significance tie with others and with cultural artifacts.

4/08/2014

What to buy Carbon Nanotubes! How much?

What to buy Carbon Nanotubes! How much?



Author(s)  : Muhammad Musaddique Ali Rafique, Javed Iqbal

Gone are the days when Carbon Nanotubes were not available in abundance.

Now unique catalysts and advanced chemical engineering processes have made it possible to produce carbon nanotubes in large quantities. Unique process (CoMOCat®) for the large scale catalytic chemical vapor deposition of carbon nanotubes is now producing carbon nanotubes in large quantities.

In Muhammad Musaddique Ali Rafique’ research review from Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at University of Engineering and Technology, published in Journal of Encapsulation and Adsorption Sciences, Vol. 1 No. 2, 2011 Scientific Research Publishing. His team reviewed production processes for producing carbon nanotunes. Physical Vapor depositions, Chemical Vapor deposition have been reviwed in extensive detail and a unique process named catalytic chemical vapor deposition has been found to be a large scale process for mass production of single wall carbon nanotubes. Owing to its high production rate, high yield, high purity, no post treatment, continuous nature, cheap raw material usage and low per unit cost this process by bar outperforms its competitive. Based on this technology an Oklahoma based company South West Nanotechnologies, SWeNT is already producing carbon nanotubes on large scale.

Now, there is no need to worry about readymade supply of carbon nanotubes. They are not only available for laboratory needs but also available for large scale usages such as in composites, thermal application, sensors etc.

4/03/2014

A Genderless World, or Society?

A Genderless World, or Society?

Author(s): Elmas Sahin


Indeed, we are all living in a world or society which is full with gender equality problems. We are aware of inequalities between both sexes almost in all over the world, it is the fact that  Women suffer from social, political, educational, cultural or economic discriminations, in both spheres of life from domestic to public despite of governmental regulations.

Is a genderless world possible ? You can say this is an utopia or impossible, since Adam and Eve, from the first sin today, The world has been divided into two sexes who men are more superior to women. The thing I mean here is genderlessness implies that actually equal opportunities should be offered to men and to women, there be no difference between women and men or girls and boys at home and outside, that is, in domestic and public fields. In order to create a genderless society or gender equity or equality in all societies firstly we have to give importance education, bringing up children without discriminating both sexes, male and female, or teaching them fruit of know- ledge tree, or training boys and girls as equal individuals of societies should be one of the most significant issues.

In Elmas Sahin’s research article from Department of Turkish Language and Literature at Çağ University in Turkey, published in OALib 2014 vol 2, 59-63, by Open Journal of Social Sciences http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2014.21007, she focuses on the importance of gender equity in education system in order to create a better environment for girls under traditional pressures and discusses whether a philosophy of education offering the same opportunities to young women and men, teaching the same things at the same time, in the same place, with the same methods, and under the same system, and also gives some suggestions to us about approaches of philosophies of education, some crucial solutions.

To achieve the genderless society, as a education policy of today, traditional norms and feudal gender roles or taboos even illiterate people thinking female sex is inferior to male one should be overturned, gender discriminations should be broken down, or another words gender inequality should be removed by various activities including congress, symposiums and seminars, radio and TV talks, audio-visual documents as well as strong educational programs formal and informal schools. The fact that education can not only address to men but also have to take women into consideration, education will bring gender equity and provide huge benefits for individuals of society should be told in all platforms.

As a conclusion, opportunities offered to men and women are far from equality, many women are illiterate as results of poverty, discrimination, incomplete schooling, and inadequate education or denied education or early marriages. While girls are kept at home as idle creatures, housekeepers, victims of patriarchy, or servants helping their mothers; boys enjoy fully of privileges offered by traditional norms of society. These typical images of men and women as inheritance of centuries still are among the most important problems of our age not only in undeveloped or developing countries, but also in developed countries. These kinds of approaches causing inequity between sexes produce negative results for societies, gender inequality will go on humiliating women both at home and outside. As everyone knows mostly men make decisions in domestic life and public one, women obey to them. education of women will raise both family and society by creating brilliant children, educating girls will produce lots of additional socio-economic gains to societies and families, and thus feminine sex will walk side by side with masculine sex in genderless world.

Water Demand Management can help Jordan to overcome its water shortage crisis

Water Demand Management can help Jordan to overcome its water shortage crisis


Author:Nadhir Al-Ansari

Jordan is considered as one of the poorest countries in its water resources. About 93% of the total precipitation which amounts to 8.2 billion m3 is lost by evaporation. The country is estimated below the poverty line by 682 million m3/year and developed surface water potential was approximately 295 million m3(MCM) in 2007, which is projected to reach 365 MCM by 2022. Sur-face water resources form about 37% and Ground water accounts for about 54% of water supply in Jordan.

Water requirements in Jordan till 2025 according to three scenarios suggest that: if we assume that water consumption is at constant rates up to 2025. Then the rates of consumption considered are 50.4, 9.5 and 180 cubic meters for municipal, industrial and agricultural sectors respectively. Population growth rate is assumed to be 3.6% for the period 1997-2000 and it was assumed to decrease by 0.1% every 5 years. The results showed that the population will reach 10.774 million in 2025. Accordingly, water demand will be 2584 MCM and that means the water deficit will reach 1187 MCM in 2025.

In the second scenario, the population growth rate was taken as in the first scenario and the water allocation was considered 200l/day/capita according to WHO recommendations. The industrial water consumption was considered to match medium income per capita. In this scenario, municipal water consumption increased to reach 786.5 MCM and the industrial water consumption to be 172.4 MCM in 2015. The water requirements of the agricultural sector were considered to be the remainder of the available water. This was assumed on the condition that up to date water irrigation techniques are used in such a way to improve the productivity of the land.

Water consumption for the period 1984 to 1997 was used in the third scenario. In addition the expected water resources defined by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation were used in this scenario. The results showed that municipal water consumption reached 597.4 MCM in 2025 which indicates that there was 4.1% increase annually. The allocation per capita per day in 2025 is 152 l/day/capita. As far as the industrial and agricultural sectors are concerned, the consumption increase to 170.5 and 1228 MCM in 2025 indicating an increase of 5.8 and 2.2% annually respectively.

To overcome the water deficit between supply and demand, it is believed that water demand management program should be adopted. Such a program will help reduce water use and water loss through the distribution supply net, pre-vent pollution and waste water disposal in nature, make efficient use of available water resources, plan for future new water resources prudently, and finally impose a real cost for water supply that would be acceptable. Water demand management program will redefine water allocation priorities (such as reducing agricultural water use), and help develop new technologies for use of non-conventional water resources (example waste-water recycling). To protect public health and the environment, water quality degradation should be reversed. In addition to the above, public awareness program is to be put in action. It is noteworthy to mention that public awareness program is to be adopted which will make people aware of the seriousness of the problem so that they can contribute to solving it by changing the water consumption pattern.

Source:
Water Demand Management in Jordan; Engineering; DOI: 10.4236/eng.2014.61004

Milk of Camel and Yak: Time to Drink Education Worldwide

Milk of Camel and Yak: Time to Drink Education Worldwide

Akbar Nikkhah
Chief Highly Distinguished Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zanjan, Iran;
Source: Science of Camel and Yak Milks: Human Nutrition and Health Perspectives; Food and Nutrition Sciences; DOI: 10.4236/fns.2011.26092


Milk is considered as the foremost functional liquid in the nature. Its increasing health-improving reputation in science and public minds is due to 1) milk resulting from the renovation and reconstitution of most-abundant, least-digestible natural organic matters, namely cellulose, and 2) milk generously hosting priceless bioactive substances that function beyond their calculated nutritional values. For optimal health in different age groups and for more stable food markets and economics, cow milk must find suitable and widely edible replacements and complements.

While camel milk (CM) has less short-chain FA than milk from cow, sheep and buffalo, it has about 3 times greater vitamin-C than cow milk. One kg CM can meet 100% of daily human requirements for calcium and phosphorus, 58% for potassium, 40% for iron, copper, zinc and magnesium, and 24% for sodium. CM has long and traditionally been used to treat liver problems, lower bilirubin output, reduce vitamin deficiency and nutrient imbalance, and boost immunity. CM can largely reduce allergies caused by cow milk and milk products, especially in neonates and the elderly. It has low fat content but with increased proportions of healthy polyunsaturated fats (PUFA). CM lacks β-lactoglobulin (an allergenic protein) while being compatible with breast milk in immonoglobulins.

Yak is a bovine subfamily mammal with the ability to survive in hypo-oxygen and extremely cold environments at as low as −40°C and atmospheric pressure of 550 hPa. Yaks are found in large numbers throughout highlands of the Hindu Kush and Karakoram in Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Himalayas in India, Nepal and Bhutan, the Tibetan Plateau and Tian Shan Mountains of Northern China, Western and Northern Mongolia, and some areas of Russia and other independent states. Yak milk (YM) has greater solids, protein and fat, and is richer in PUFA and casein than cow milk. Yak cheese has almost 4 times more CLA (a functional fatty acid with anti-cancer and immune-strengthening implications) than Canadian cheddar. YM casein can be hydrolyzed to produce antihypertensive peptides with multiple bioactive functions and capacities for producing value-added synergy-enriched foods and proteins.

Future interdisciplinary research is required to further characterize biophysical and biochemical properties of camel and yak milks as functional substitutes and complements for cow and buffalo milks. Inspirational and informative education and practical science dissemination must become a global commitment for countless milk health implications, especially from novel sources, to be optimally realized by the worldwide public.

Can we predict gallstone formation after bariatric surgery

Can we predict gallstone formation after bariatric surgery


Obesity is a worldwide health problem. Surgery has been demonstrated to be the most effective method to achieve long-term sustained weight loss in the morbidly obese with resolution of most co-morbidities. However it is agreed that gallstone formation is increased after weight reduction surgery followed by rapid weight loss. So identifying risk factors for gallstone development after weight reduction surgery is important to avoid its complications.

In Mohammad Abo-Ryia’ research review from Department of Surgery at Tanta University, Egypt, published in Surgical Science Journal 2014 vol.5 by Scientific Research Publishing. His team conducted their study to identify the predictors of gallstone formation after weight reduction surgery. They compared the patients who formed gallstones and those who did not as regard: gender, age, preoperative BMI, type of operation and   percent of excess weight loss. The results indicate that gender, age, preoperative BMI and type of the operation were not predictive of gallstones formation. Only the percent of excess weight loss postoperatively was the predictor of gallstone formation.

And as this will not be useful in preventing its formation, it will be wise to adopt either the policy of prophylactic use of ursodeoxycholic acid in patients who will be compliant and can afford its cost or the policy of the regular postoperative ultrasound surveillance and subsequent cholecystectomy once gallstones were identified to avoid presentation with complications specially after RYGBP where there is no access to the biliary passages.

Benficial effects of Vitamin A and E on Carbohydrate and Lipid metabolism in Diet-Induced Obese Wistar Rats

Benficial effects of Vitamin A and E on Carbohydrate and Lipid metabolism in Diet-Induced Obese Wistar Rats

Obesity is a worldwide disease, associated with oxidative stress, metabolic disorders in heart and vessels as well as diabetes in humans. Oxidative stress is an important pathogenic mechanism of obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue is known to secret variable bioactive substances known as adipocytokines, as adiponectin and leptin that regulate peripheral glucose and energy expenditure. Leptin levels correlate with adiposity, while adiponectin decreases in obese subjects and is associated with improving insulin sensitivity. Moreover adipose tissue can acts as asource for fat soluble vitamins as vitamin A and E. The active form of vitamin A is Retinoic Acid (RA), the carboxylic acid form of vitamin A, is a nutrient derivative with many remarkable effects on adipocytes biology and whole body adiposity. Vitamin A can improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity probably through adipokines expression. Vitamin A supplementation increases thermogenic potential in brown adipose tissue and muscle. On the same line Vitamin E is the major fat-soluble dietary antioxidant. Vitamin E has eight isoforms and a-tocopherol is the most common isoform. It has a beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity and there is an inverse relationship between plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. We studied the gene expression of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in obese rats after oral administration for 2 months. The interesting point in vitamin A and E action is that occur without modulation of insulin secretion in insulin resistance. Vitamin A and E administration reduced significantly the increase in body weight and food intake and normalized the alterations in lipid profiles in obese rats compared to normal rats. Moreover, both vitamins decreased the fat accumulation in liver tissues of obese rats. They up-regulated mRNA expression of Pyruvate Kinase (PK) and Glucose Transporter-2 (GLUT-2), and increased lipolysis and cholesterol metabolism through up-regulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), Sterol Responsible Element Binding Protein-1a (STREBP-1a) and STREBP-1c mRNA expression. We concluded that vitamin A and E regulate gene expression of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and ameliorated changes associated with obesity induced by high fat diet.




Source:

Effect of vitamin A and E on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese wistar rats; Journal of Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology;  DOI: 10.4236/abb.2014.51002